Visualise
Start after Inspect and Wrangle. Follow the four core chapters to a report; the final three chapters are optional extensions. Next stays within your chosen path.
01 / Choose and build
Choose a chart for the question
Match the question and variable types before writing plotting code.
8 min · 3 practicesMeet Figure and Axes
Create the canvas and the plotting area.
4 min · 1 practicesScatter plot
Plot two numeric measurements observation by observation.
8 min · 3 practicesFinish a chart properly
Make a chart readable before sharing it.
8 min · 3 practicesHistogram
See how values fall into bins.
8 min · 3 practicesCount categories
Count observations, not a numeric measurement.
8 min · 3 practicesReview · Choose and build
Use the skills from this chapter in a fresh question.
12 min · 3 retrieval tasks02 / Compare observations
Line plot
Connect observations along a meaningful time sequence.
8 min · 3 practicesCompare averages
Distinguish an estimate from a count.
8 min · 3 practicesRaw points
Show the observations behind a group summary.
8 min · 3 practicesBox plot
Read a median and interquartile spread.
8 min · 3 practicesMap variables visually
Use colour to compare categories in a scatter chart.
8 min · 3 practicesAdd dimensions to scatter
Use colour and shape without losing readability.
8 min · 3 practicesReview · Compare observations
Use the skills from this chapter in a fresh question.
12 min · 3 retrieval tasks03 / Explain the evidence
Correlation heatmap
Show a correlation matrix on a fixed colour scale.
8 min · 3 practicesMultiple subplots
Manage two charts on one Figure.
8 min · 3 practicesLegends and palettes
Make category mappings readable without colour alone.
8 min · 3 practicesAxes and scales
Choose limits, ticks and transformations consciously.
8 min · 3 practicesReference lines
Add a benchmark with a clear meaning.
8 min · 3 practicesReview · Explain the evidence
Use the skills from this chapter in a fresh question.
12 min · 3 retrieval tasks04 / Make a useful report
Exact precomputed bars
Draw numbers that have already been calculated.
8 min · 3 practicesSave a figure
Export the specific Figure you have finished.
8 min · 3 practicesAvoid misleading charts
Make the scale and selection honest.
8 min · 3 practicesVisualise checkpoint
Build a coherent three-chart mini-report.
20 min · 3 retrieval tasks05 / Optional · distribution detail
Density curve
Understand a smoothed view of a distribution.
8 min · 3 practicesECDF
Read the fraction at or below a value.
8 min · 3 practicesRug marks
Keep individual observations visible beneath a distribution.
8 min · 3 practicesPoint estimates
Show a group estimate with uncertainty.
8 min · 3 practicesViolin plot
Recognise smoothing inside categorical distributions.
8 min · 3 practicesNon-overlapping raw points
Separate observations without changing their values.
8 min · 3 practicesChoose detail to suit the sample
Prefer observed points when groups are too small for tail summaries.
8 min · 3 practicesReview · distribution detail
Use the skills from this chapter in a fresh question.
12 min · 4 retrieval tasks06 / Optional · models and matrices
Understand lineplot aggregation
Notice when a line summarises repeated x values.
8 min · 3 practicesRegression view
View a fitted linear trend alongside observations.
8 min · 3 practicesResidual view
Inspect what a fitted line leaves unexplained.
8 min · 3 practicesCategorical / matrix heatmap
Prepare a matrix before colouring its cells.
8 min · 3 practicesReview · models and matrices
Use the skills from this chapter in a fresh question.
12 min · 4 retrieval tasks07 / Optional · figures and composition
Annotate important points
Explain an observation directly on the chart.
8 min · 3 practicesStacked bars
Build a part-to-whole bar from known components.
8 min · 3 practicesPair relationships
Explore several pairwise relationships in one figure.
8 min · 3 practicesJoint relationships
Connect a relationship to its marginal distributions.
8 min · 3 practicesFaceting
Repeat the same chart across comparable subsets.
8 min · 3 practicesReview · figures and composition
Use the skills from this chapter in a fresh question.
12 min · 4 retrieval tasks